Talking About Future Events in Spanish

It would be natural to assume that if you want to talk in Spanish about something that will happen in the future, that you would use the future tense of the verb. However, as in English, there are other ways of telling about future events. The difference is that in Spanish, those other ways of expressing the future are so common that the future tense frequently is used for purposes other than discussing the future. Here, then, and are the three most common ways of telling about future events. Using the Present Tense As in English, and especially in colloquial use, the present tense can be used when discussing an upcoming event. Salimos maà ±ana, we leave tomorrow (or, we will leave tomorrow). Te llamo esta tarde, Im calling (or, I will call) you this afternoon. In Spanish, the time period needs to be indicated (either directly or by the context) when using the present tense to refer to the future. The present future is used most often for events that are happening in the near future and that is certain or planned. Ir A and  Infinitive   A very common way of expressing the future is to use the present tense of ir (to go), followed by a and the infinitive. It is the equivalent of saying going to ... in English and is used in basically the same way. Voy a comer, I am going to eat. Va a comprar la casa, he is going to buy the house. Vamos a salir, we are going to leave. This usage of ir a is so common that it is sometimes thought of by some speakers as the future tense, and in some areas, it has all but replaced the conjugated future tense for talking about the future. This way of expressing the future has the advantage that it is extremely easy to learn. Simply learn the present indicative tenses conjugation of ir, and youll have it mastered. The Conjugated Future Tense When used to talk about the future, the conjugated future tense is the equivalent in English of saying will followed by the verb. Saldremos maà ±ana, we will leave tomorrow. Comerà © la hamburguesa, I will eat the hamburger. This use of the future tense is probably more common in writing than in everyday speech.

The Origin Of Family Systems - 1527 Words

THE ORIGIN OF FAMILY SYSTEMS It is widely believed that family systems in one form or the other, though varying hugely from the forms of family we are accustomed to today, have existed since time immemorial, maybe right from the time Homo sapiens first appeared on the face of the earth. The formation of families regulated the sexual behaviour of its members and ensured that sexual jealousy of the primates remained under tabs. It also led to a form of division of labour where the roles of the members were defined and they were expected to contribute their bit to the working of the family. For example, the work of hunting and food gathering was traditionally carried out by the men while the females reared the children and took care of the hearth. Families also provided much needed protection to the young children as humans have a prolonged period of childhood where the children are incapable of protecting or fending for themselves. Over the years, the functions of the family have increased further. The importance of the institution of family in our society is immense, so much so that according to the Genetic Theory of Origin of State, the family is not only the basic unit of the society but also the basic unit of the state. Over the years, several thinkers have attempted to trace back the evolution of the family and have set forward various theories which are often widely different from one another. Such variations can be attributed to the fact that no concrete evidence hasShow MoreRelatedBowen Family Systems Theory Summary1633 Words   |  5 PagesBowen’s Family Systems Theory Bowen’s Family Systems Theory Overview This adaptation of systems theory was coined by Dr. Murray Bowen and is referred to as Bowen’s Family Systems Theory. According to Murdock (2013), this particular adaptation of systems theory is considered one of the most reputable and well constructed compared to that of its counterparts. 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Joesph Plum Martin Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier Free Essays

Revolutionary Soldier During Joseph Martin journey in the revolution war he found himself not agreeing with many of the things the other soldiers were used to doing. The other soldiers were used to always getting what they wanted, when they wanted it. In order to do this, whenever they needed something, such as food they would just barge into nearby homes and demand for what they wanted. We will write a custom essay sample on Joesph Plum Martin Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most home owners knew that if they didn’t do what the soldiers asked, that things would go very bad quickly. Meaning a large amount of the home owners would just be friendly and give the soldiers what they wanted just to keep the peace. Also some of the home owners enjoyed getting a visit from the soldiers because it made them fell wanted and thankfully to help support a fellow soldier. Martin didn’t have the same view as many of the soldiers did on this certain activity. Well he was involved with doing that activity he would feel guilty and wanted to apologize to the family because he didn’t think they deserved such a thing. He didn’t enjoy doing it because he believed it was rude and that they were abusing their power of authority. Before he went to war he learned right from wrong and would never imagine doing such a thing to innocent citizens in the area. The only reason that he would participate in this activity was because Soldiers during the war had been doing it prior to when he entered the war and he didn’t want to deal with all the others soldiers by telling them his real opinion on it. Also he needed the items the other soldiers were asking for as well but just wanted there to be another way for them to get it. Even though he didn’t agree with many of the things he had to do while he was gone at war, going into other people’s home uninvited was the thing he disagreed with the most. Even thought he was there for many days, they were a few days that he remembered quite well. One day he remembered was when he was just relaxing at the cabin he was staying at with some fellow soldiers, when two lovely women come over to talk to them. They had a great conversion with the ladies, and the ladies ended up inviting them over to their place to visit more. Soon after arriving at the ladies place, the ladies expressed to the soldiers that their closest neighbors weren’t very respectful to them. † when the mother observed that it had been quite cross and crying all Martin, â€Å"I have been threatening,† said she, â€Å"to give her to the Yankees. â€Å"Take care,† said the wagoner, â€Å"how you speak of the Yankees, I have one of them here with me. † â€Å"La! † said the woman, â€Å"is he a Yankee? I thought he was a Pennsylvanian;—I I don’t see any difference between him and other people†. The men didn’t like that because they believed that all women should be treated with respect. As the sold iers they were, they decided to all march over to the ladies neighbors and demand for food in a violent way. At first when the soldiers arrived the man who opened the door wanted to put up a fight and not let the soldiers demand for items they needed just because for who they were. Soon after the man realized he wasn’t going to win the fight he let the soldiers come inside his house and told his wife to make some bread. Everything turned out fine, the soldiers got what they wanted and the neighbors didn’t get hurt. Although Martin wished they would of aproshed the situation differently and more safely. In most situation Martin at least understand why the soldiers would go to ransoms people house, it was because they had something they needed. But one day was different and Martin really didn’t agree with the other soldiers. but when we came to their stables, then look out for the women; take what horse you would, it was one or the others â€Å"pony† and they had no other to ride to church; and when we had got possession of a horse we were sure to have half a dozen or more women pressing upon us, until by some means or other, if possible, they would slip the bridle from the horse’s head, and then we might catch him again if we c ould† On this day they soldiers decided to go into the local village in order to get some items they needed. Well at least that is what Martin thought. After they got there the soldiers were crazy and were taking everything they could even if they didn’t need it in the first place. Like the good man he was, Martin turned out only taking the necessary items he personal needed. By doing that it left the village a mess and all the villagers scared and upset. Also making Martin very unpleased with his fellow soldiers. Even though Martin didn’t agree with making innocent citizens in the area give them what they wanted or else. Or messing up a village for items they needed along with unnecessary items. Martin decided early on during this war experience that he was just going to go with the flow of what everyone else was doing. That way he doesn’t had to end up telling the soldiers his opinion and deal with any conflict there may be with it. He was afraid of the superiors reaction to what he thought and he didn’t want to be punished for his thoughts. Even though his biggest trouble during the war was taking items from innocent citizens, there were many other circumstances that troubled him as well such as the conditions that he had to work under where horrible and they contributed to many people getting sick. â€Å"I had the small pox favorably as did the rest, generally; we lost none; but it was more by good luck, or rather a kind Providence interfering, than by my good conduct that I escaped with life. † They marched and marched and they would push their bodies to the limit. They fought under tough conditions and through the winter without a reliable way to get warm. Joseph Really did not like this at all he wanted to be warm and be able to stay healthy. Throughout this book Martin had many views on the revolutionary war. Most of them were negative such as he didn’t like taking supplies from the villages. The conditions of the war were really rough and he ended up getting small pox from that. He nearly lost his life from the small pox. His view before he entered the war and his view after were completely different. The war changed him and his view on the whole thing. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Martin, Joesph P. A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier. USA: First Signet Classics Printing, 2001. Print. Ch4 [ 2 ]. Martin, Joesph P. A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier. USA: First Signet Classics Printing, 2001. Print. Ch4 [ 3 ]. Martin, Joesph P. A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier. USA: First Signet Classics Printing, 2001. Print. Ch 3 How to cite Joesph Plum Martin Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, Essays

Honda Financial Ratios Analysis free essay sample

Would you place a personal deposit of one million dollars or more in the publicly traded stock of this company? Honda is considered to be one of the best auto makers in the world; its customer base continues to grow throughout the years. Honda also has profit margins constantly higher than its closest competitor Toyota Motors. Honda is making an effort to satisfy the necessities of its customers and the dominant market conditions by updating its models and ramping up supply. Renovating the production system, building new plants for increasing production, such as the one in Brazil; and adopting innovative techniques for upgrading might help Honda to improve capacity and sales during fiscal 2014. Honda expects revenues and net income to increase 22. 5% and 58%, respectively, in fiscal 2014. The companys strengths can be seen in several areas, such as its growth in earnings per share, good cash flow from operations and largely solid financial position with reasonable debt levels by most measures. Earnings per share trended upward after a decrease from Q1 to Q2 posting annual earnings of $202.  68 per share. Honda’s cash flow in the first half of fiscal 2014 improved to ? 671. 5 billion from ? 323. 3 billion in the first half of fiscal 2013. Honda expects higher revenues, favorable model mix, effective cost reduction measures, favorable currency effect and favorable impact of raw material cost fluctuations to contribute to the increase in profits during the year. For all of the abovementioned reasons, I would confidently place a million dollars in stocks from Honda. If the company keeps making money the way it has been, we could be looking at a very good investment opportunity. Would you invest $500,000 in the debt (bonds) of this company? According to Moody’s Corporate ratings the bonds issued by Honda Finance Co. , Ltd. were assigned a rate of A1, this rating is supported by an excellent brand and strong position in its core automotive markets, its strong position in the motorcycle business, its cost management capability and its strong balance sheet. The steady position reflects the significant enhancement in Hondas operating performance in the past year and it is expected that this improvement will be sustained. Based on Moody’s analysis, Honda keeps a conservative financial policy and its balance sheet is strong. Adjusted debt/capitalization should stay sound and below 25%, while adjusted RCF/debt is expected to improve from around 46% to around 50% over the coming 2-3 years. The â€Å"Well Kept Agreement† between Honda and AHFC (American Honda Financial Corporation) has improved the credit quality of the notes. Under this agreement, Honda needs to possess a minimum of 80% of AHFCs equity, either directly or indirectly. Meanwhile, AHFC should have a positive tangible net assets balance along with sufficient liquidity. Moody’s believes that AHFC plays an important role in Hondas U. S. auto business as it provides auto loans and leases for Hondas cars in the U. S. In addition, Honda’s financial health remained stable during the year earning satisfactory profits and generating a return on investments. Therefore, I’d definitely invest $500,000 in the debt bonds of this company. Would you grant a one million dollar line of credit for overnight or term federal funds to this company? Honda’s liquidity results indicate that the automaker is well positioned to meet maturing short-term liability obligations and unexpected cash needs. Even though, Honda’s current ratio deteriorated from 2012 to 2013, its current ratio is only a little bit higher than the industry average, 1. 30 compared to 1. 27 respectively. On the other hand, a quick ratio of 1 or greater is generally considered acceptable and Honda’s quick ratio is exactly equals to 1. 00. We also have to take into consideration that Honda Motors does not have to pay all its short term obligations at once, so the company can manage to pay its short term liabilities. Therefore, if it was in my hands to approve a one million dollar line of credit to Honda, I would gladly grant it. Appendix A: Extended Liquidity Ratios Calculations ? Appendix B: Extended Asset Ratios Calculations ? Appendix C: Extended Profitability Ratios Calculations ? Appendix D: Extended Debt Ratios Calculations ? Appendix E: Extended Market Ratios Calculations ? Appendix F: Toyota Financial Ratios Toyota Motor Company Liquidity RatiosAnnual Current Ratio1. 07 Quick Ratio0. 93 Net Working Capital Ratio0. 02 Current Liabilities to Inventory Ratio7. 53 Cash Ratio0. 13 Operating Ratio15. 70 Asset RatioAnnual Inventory Turnover Ratio12. 53 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio1. 15 Asset to Equity Ratio1. 64 Debt RatiosAnnual Total Debt Ratio0. 64 Interest Coverage Ratio62. 12 Debt/Equity Ratio1. 78 Appendix G: Toyota Financial Ratios Analysis Liquidity Honda’s liquidity results indicate that the automaker is well positioned to meet maturing short-term liability obligations and unexpected cash needs. Liquidity continued to trend upward between Q2 and Q4 after beginning the fiscal year in a downward trend between Q1 and Q2. This trend is a result of a decrease in both current assets and current liabilities from Q1 to Q2. Quarterly financial reports suggest Honda settled debt with available cash on hand. The current ratio of 1. 30 has remained fairly constant during the past year and above foreign competitor Toyota. Honda’s liquidity exceeds Toyota’s in all analytic categories with the exception of the current liabilities to inventory ratio. This metric of 3. 37 to 7. 53 indicates that Honda holds less debt to inventory than Toyota, respectively. The annual operating ratio of 17.  13 fluctuated during the year. Honda’s Operating and Financial Review of the 2013 Annual Report states the instability is a direct result of increased costs and expenses associated with unit sales in the Automobile business segment, negative foreign currency effects and increased product warranty expenses. The operating ratio is expected to continue an upward trend with increased net sales and continued cost reduction. Asset Utilization Honda’s asset utilization suggests the company is resourceful in generating revenue from assets held. Honda’s quarterly average inventory turnover of 2.27 successfully contributed to the turnover of motorcycles, automobiles and power engines almost 9 times during the year. Q3 to Q4 reported a substantial increase of . 28 in inventory turnover as a result of increased automobile unit sales. The annual inventory turnover result is 3. 75 times lower than its competitor given that Toyota is the 3rd largest manufacturer and holds a larger percentage of the automobile market than Honda. In addition, these results illustrate Honda’s ability to manage inventory levels during cyclical economic downturns. Total assets ratio of . 72 suggests Honda generated $. 72 in sales for every dollar of assets. Quarterly results ranged from . 19 to . 21. An asset to equity ratio of 2. 62 indicates Honda leveraged assets nearly 3 times per dollar of stockholders equity. Although assets decreased proportionately to a decrease in equity from Q1 to Q2, this metric remained constant during the fiscal year as a result of an overall increase in assets and equity of 18% and 14%, respectively. Profitability Honda’s financial health remained stable during the year earning satisfactory profits and generating a return on investments. Market price and dividend potential is greatly affected by the ability to generate profit. Although net income decreased from Q1 to Q2, overall profitability remained relatively stable as reductions in average total assets, average owners’ equity, total sales and total assets decreased proportionately to net income fluctuations. As such, Honda’s profitability trended upward as a result of increased automobile unit sales. This is evidenced by a 24% increase in net sales and revenue contributing to an increase of 73. 6% in net income. Return on assets resulted in a 3% return in net income for every dollar of total assets. The return on equity is the ratio in which shareholders predicate management’s performance. This ratio remained constant during the fiscal year with an annual result of . 08 leveraging stockholders’ investment. The profit margin of . 04 remained level with quarterly results as the fiscal year began with a decrease in total sales. Basic earnings power ratio remained constant throughout the year with an annual result of . 04, which are due to the negative impact of unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments and foreign currency transactions losses. 5 Initial earnings per share decreased from Q1 to Q2 as a result of 37% decrease in net income with results continuing to decline throughout the year. Debt Utilization Honda’s debt ratio indicates that over half of assets are financed through debt. This is evidenced by a total debt to assets ratio of . 62 which indicates that every dollar of assets is financed by debt. Honda’s competitor, Toyota, total debt to assets ratio of . 64 illustrates the auto industries reliance on debt to finance assets. The debt to equity ratio demonstrates that 1. 62 of every dollar of assets is financed through debt and stockholders equity. Although the debt ratio shows that over half of assets are financed by debt, Honda’s interest coverage ratio signifies the ability to pay interest on debt 40. 21 times with earnings before interest and taxes. Market Values Market value ratios illustrate Honda’s ability to return profits to stockholders. Earnings per share trended upward after a decrease from Q1 to Q2 posting annual earnings of $202. 68 per share. This indicates the return investors receive for each share of common stock held. Investor’s optimism in Honda’s future performance is represented by the price to earnings ratio which increased by 124% from Q1 to Q4 averaging out annual earnings of $17.54 per share. The payout ratio of 35% suggests Honda’s willingness to pay stockholders for their return on investment. Comparative Financial Analysis of the Company Compared to the Industry Performance Honda’s current ratio deteriorated from 2012 to 2013. Honda Motor Co Ltd. (HMC) current ratio is 1. 30, a little bit higher than the industry average of 1. 27. This high current ratio could be due to the company has tied up a lot of money in non-productive assets such as excessive inventory. Overall, the key liquidity measurements indicate that the company is in a position in which financial difficulties could develop in the future. The net profit margin for HMC is currently lower than what is desirable, coming in at 3. 70% compare to the industry average of 4. 30%. The companys current return on equity has slightly decreased from the same quarter one year prior. This implies a minor weakness in the organization. When compared to other companies in the Automobiles industry and the overall market, return on equity of 8% is below that of both the industry average of 12% and the SP 500. The company has a P/E ratio of 17. 54 indicating a premium compared to an average of 11. 89 for the automotive industry. The debt-to-equity ratio is somewhat high at 1. 62 as compared to the industry average of 0. 74, implying that there has been a relative increment in the management of debt levels (HMC’s total debt increased from 2012 to 2013). Honda Motor Co. Ltd. s inventories increased from 2012 to 2013, which is reflected on its debt to equity ratio of 1. 62 which is higher than the industry average of 0. 74.

During A Recent Survey Conducted At Florida Atlantic University, Seven

During a recent survey conducted at Florida Atlantic University, seven students were interviewed regarding their knowledge and beliefs in safe sex practices and teen pregnancy. When asked what they thought of teen pregnancy, all of the respondees were very similar to each other. Dianne Mendez stated that, "Teens are having sexual intercourse from the ages of thirteen through sixteen, and that probably one out of three get pregnant." All of the students that were involved in the survey responded that teens should not be having sex or even thinking about having a baby, if they were not financially stable. Sandra Mendez said that, "Teenagers are not ready to have babies and not mentally mature enough to understand the ramifications." Lissette Teran responded that, " Teenage parents can tell society of their own personal exerpenies, and what they had to go through; because they no longer can only think of just themselves but another human being, and still they are having sex, and hopefully this will make them think twice of having unprotected sex." When seven students were asked, what are some of the methods of prevention each of their answers varied. Birth control methods for the male respondees were condoms and pulling out before ejaculation. The female respondees were birth control pills, sponges, foams and the depoprovera shot. Two respondees suggested that people should have oral sex instead of sexual intercourse, because it prevents pregnancy. Candy Portugal replied, "Of course the best way of protection would be not to have any sexual relations with anyone, but this method seems to be the last method that's being used by most teens." Dominck Saez stated that, "Most teenagers don't realize how important protection is, not only for pregnancy, but for sexually transmitted diseases. With so many different type's of protection you would think that our percentage rate of diseases and pregnancy would be low. The percentage of teen pregnancy and diseases have gotten higher than what they have been in the past years. Although man y teens ignore the methods of prevention, they also fail to realize how much a child needs." I now asked, how do you think that most teens would support this child. The responses received regarding the methods of supporting a child varied. Sandra Mendez said that, "Many teens feel that supporting a baby is like supporting a pet; they fail to realize how much time, money, and attention a baby requires." Two out of seven surveyed stated that some girls are lucky enough to have supporting parents and that the babies father is there to help out in many different ways. Karina Sarquis responded that, "One of the ways could be that the parent's of the teenager can watch the baby while the teenager continues his or her education, and allow them to work and watch the child." Four out of seven surveyed stated that not all teenage pregnancy turn out that way. Joseph Ayala replied that, "Sometimes the teenager ends up dropping out of school to get two jobs; the teenager would just make enough to maintain a roof over their heads and food on the table." Dianne Mendez answered, "Another ty pe of situation that a teenager can also fall into is when there is no help from the babies father or their parents; then that's when they would fall into the category of turning to society for some public assistance, or another word for it would be welfare." The students were also asked for their personal opinion if they felt that society has the responsibility of supporting the child. Karina Sarquis said that, "Teenagers feel that society has to pay for their mistakes in life." Five out of seven students opinion was that if they were old enough to have sex, then they should not get any type of help from the government. Sandra Mendez replied that, "They did not need the government to get pregnant." Two out seven felt that the government should help out, but agreed that there should be some type of limit for public assistance. Joseph Ayala suggested that, "One of the limits were that for the first child they should help out and try to help the teenager go towards the right path; there can

Free Essays on Tradition

Long after these oral traditions developed, the spoken and sung were put into written form. The main reason for doing so was that they not be lost or altered, thereby losing or misrepresenting the whole past of a people. In written form, these traditions have provided the world with some of its greatest literary classics: the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' (see Babylonia and Assyria), the 'Iliad' of Homer, and much of the Old Testament portion of the Bible. The Old Testament, in fact, contains as great a variety of ancient oral traditions in written form as can be found in one book. It has creation legends, stories of epic heroism and adventure, love tales, intrigue and murder stories, lyric poetry, songs of praise, proverbs, riddles, and more.... Free Essays on Tradition Free Essays on Tradition Long after these oral traditions developed, the spoken and sung were put into written form. The main reason for doing so was that they not be lost or altered, thereby losing or misrepresenting the whole past of a people. In written form, these traditions have provided the world with some of its greatest literary classics: the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' (see Babylonia and Assyria), the 'Iliad' of Homer, and much of the Old Testament portion of the Bible. The Old Testament, in fact, contains as great a variety of ancient oral traditions in written form as can be found in one book. It has creation legends, stories of epic heroism and adventure, love tales, intrigue and murder stories, lyric poetry, songs of praise, proverbs, riddles, and more....

Gastby and streetcar named desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gastby and streetcar named desire - Essay Example These four aspects will form the crux of this paper by providing the blueprint for the analysis of both works. Both Williams and Fitzgerald portray the American Dream as a misconception and, to a large extent, a fraud. In their style of writing, plots, and choice of characters, the two authors seem to be telling their audiences that, in truth, there may not be such a thing as the American Dream. While it is a reality for some, it is a mere illusion for others. In both books, one of the prevalent themes is that not one person can provide a sound definition of the American Dream (Castle 15). Stanley and Gatsby are both intent on living the good life and having all that they desire. However, this ambition also clouds their reality, because, in essence, while the American Dream preaches wealth and riches, it ignores common life challenges that every person must experience at some point in their lives. Both authors also appear to suggest that the American Dream is lived by those who deserve it. This implies that realizing it is only one piece of the jigsaw (Castle 49). Williams and Fitzgerald are convinced, through their style of writing and plot, that the American Dream comes with responsibilities. Both authors show that the American Dream requires sustenance, vigilance, self-awareness, realism, strategy, and prudence, and mental strength. All individuals who want to live the dream must be adequate in these aspects, or else they will be crushed under the expectations and weight of the dream. While Gatsby and Stanley are different in the sense that the former appears be superficially living the American Dream while the latter seems to be actively pursuing it, both men demonstrate that they lack sufficient character to achieve and live the dream. Their understanding of it is warped and their actions betray their intentions. In other words, they are not ready for the dream; they desire it but they are not responsible enough experience it. The American Dream

Child Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Child Protection - Essay Example The green paper entitled Every Child Matters made many recommendations including an electronic tracking system for every child in the UK. The recommendations of the green paper were incorporated into legislation by the Children Act 2004. Whilst the new Act incorporated many of the recommendations of the green paper the wording was such that the authorities have more flexibility in the way in which they organise their children’s services and the mandatory requirement as suggested by the green paper that education and social services should be amalgamated was removed in the Act. Guidance was published by the Department of Health entitled Protecting Children: A Guide for Social Workers Undertaking a Comprehensive Assessment in 1988. This became known as the Orange Book and was designed to give guidance on risk assessment and dangerousness for the child in the environment they were living in . The deaths of Kimberley Carlisle in 1987 and Tyra Henry in 1988 led to further inquiries into child protection measures.

HR Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HR Audit Report - Essay Example 994), â€Å"Although traditional sources of competitive advantage such as the natural resources, technology, economies of scale and so forth create value, the resource based argument is that these resources are increasingly easy to imitate, especially in comparison to a complex social structure such as an employment system. Hence, human resource strategies may be an especially important source of sustained competitive advantage†. The mission of the organization is to â€Å"provide quality bakery products at competitive prices†. The quality consciousness in reflected in the policies of the management in the production, marketing and customer service. But on the other hand the management should also try to evolve new methods to evaluate the cost of various operations more stringent. The assurance of quality should not be increasing the cost and this will tend to push the prices up and high prices will not help the bakery to achieve its mission. The vision of the bakery is â€Å"To be a leading bakery in major cities of the country†. The vision of J Co is not clear and it is very ambiguous in its definition of the exact terms. This kind of vision statement will not help in aligning the organization to wards achievement of goals. Based on the mission and vision, the management of the company has formulated the objectives. The annual objective of J Co bakery is to increase the sales by 10% in the year 2008. To achieve the target growth first an analysis of the planning activities and organizing activities is necessary. The audit of the plans show that J Co has planning done extensively for increasing the sales. But it is lagging behind in its lack of planning in the area of projection of resources required to achieve the sales. The plans do not allocate budget effectively for each retail outlet but only a general allotment of money on a whole. Hence, the personnel in each outlet do not have a clear picture about the allotment of money to carryout their operations and

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling Explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst British Muslims. Introduction: Mental health stigma is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed especially amongst minority groups. Statistics show that one in four people will experience a mental health problem in the course of a year (mental health foundation 2015). The government has initiated to tackle mental health stigma that prevents people from accessing psychological services (Burstow 2011).Over the past decade the Muslim community has been portrayed negatively especially through the media, and this has had a profound affect on Muslims mental health. The purpose of this research is to explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst Muslims in the UK, My interest in this research emerged from my own personal experience of living in a Muslim family where mental health is seen as an alien concept and counselling is seen waste of time. After experiencing a close family member suffering from depression and when given the choice of counselling chose to decline this, as they would rather ta ke medication then be labelled as crazy. A growing population of 2.7 million Muslims in the UK (Census 2011) I feel that it is imperative to explore what types of mental health stigma exists in the Muslim community and their views on counselling in order to address them. Search strategy To search for articles I used SOLAR, selecting databases, which included Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and MEDLINE (Ovid). I did this so that the article that filtered through were relating to counselling, psychology, psychotherapy and mental health. The key terms that I used firstly was counselling, and this was grouped into four subgroups using the OR which contained counseling, OR psychotherapy, OR therapy, OR psychological services. This brought up a result of 874.207, which was a very large result, but I felt this was needed to be done as counselling maybe worded different in research articles. I used key terms such as mental health, stigma, Muslims and perception all with sub groups (see appendix 1) Finally, I joined all the key terms and sub groups together using AND which brought the number of articles generated down to 604. I mixed some of the sub groups together to find variety of results because when I added all 6 categories together my results became very limited so therefore to broadened my research I took out two categories and I felt this gave me access to variety of research articles. Limitations also included all my articles needed to be peer reviewed, this was to ensure standard and quality of the articles were examined by other people in the same field to ensure the publication has a meets certain level of excellence. I also limited the publication dates from 2005 up to 2014 to generate current articles I found that lots of articles that had very close link to my question had to be excluded due to the publication date being before 2005. This process finally reduced the articles to 91 from which four articles were selected (see appendix two). I found some articles th at related directly to my question but were mostly conducted outside the UK so only one article was selected because it felt necessary to look at research done in the UK considering my title involved British Muslims. The article selected from the USA was chosen because there did not seem to be any research conducted in the UK therefore was a gap to explore. In relation to my question I felt my 5th article Rethink (2007), Our voice : The Pakistani communities view on mental health and mental services in Birmingham, was very relevant to utilize in my review as it provided an insight to what I was searching for. However the only down side to finding this articles was that it was not found using the above research strategy, as I read a mention of this study through another article and I could not find it on EBSCO, therefore I used Google to find it. Summery The articles will be judged the on the methodology used to conduct the research and focus on the findings relating to perception of counselling and mental health stigma. A study conducted by Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) looked at Muslims view on mental health and psychotherapy. The aim of the research was to look at the Muslim populations perception of mental health and their understanding of how mental distress experienced by an individual can be addressed. This was a qualitative study where 14 Muslim participants were interviewed using semi structured interviews and data was analysed thematically. Lancaster Institute of Health Research ethics committee ethically approved this study. There were seven women and seven male aged between 28-77 who were recruited through local Muslim organisations and electronic mailing. One of the main benefits of this study was that it provided a good insight to Muslims understanding on mental health by using open questions allowing the participants to express their views on mental health in-depth. The finding that related to my question was that there was a fear of stereotyping, feeling stigmatised, embarrassed and ashamed, they found that mental distress was a punishment from god, cause of witchcraft/jinn and drug taking. Participants there was no need for a therapist as you could talk to your family or friends. Mental illness was seen as a test from Allah and it was managed through praying to god and if you had a strong faith then therapy was not needed. For a question, looking at Muslim populations views the sample was very small even though it provided rich data it was limited as it was not enough to represent Muslim populations view. The sample also included two students and two staff members and a couple who were interviewed together, this makes the sample less representative and biased. Data check would have been useful as both researchers were non- Muslims therefore this may have had an affect on how they interpreted the Reponses and by data checking they could have validated their findings. The researchers recommendation for further research was a very useful, as by exploring the views of Muslims who have accessed mental health services would have gave the study a bigger picture, as the focus on therapeutic help was neglected in the study as only three participants had a view on this. Another similar study conducted by Rethink (2007) Our Voice: the Pakistani communitys view on mental health and mental health services in Birmingham commissioned by UCLAN (University of Central Lancashire) and CSIP (Care Services Improvement Partnership). This aim was to investigate the view of the Pakistani communities on mental health issues and how they would want support in regards to their mental health needs. This study was a qualitative study conducted by 11 community researchers who conducted focus groups and interviews with a very large sample of 152 service users, this study utilized quantitative approach by distributing 30 postal surveys to mental health service providers in Birmingham and receiving seven responses. Rethinks research department and UCLAN ethically approved the study. This study found similar findings to Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) they found that 83% wanted to keep any mental health illnesses a secret, and 76% were ashamed of it, 58% fear of stigma. They also found religious beliefs affected their perception on mental health as they felt it was caused by jinns, voices from god and found that culture and language barriers can get in the way people from accessing mental health services. One of the benefits to this study compared to above is that this study was conduced in different languages so therefore this was accessible to people who could not participate because of language barrier. Another benefit of this study compared to the Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study was the sample size as they had a larger sample 152 compared to 14 participants in Weatherhead Daiches (2010) study. However, Rethink (2007) even with a big sample it could be argued that it was a limited study which only focused on Pakistani Muslims in Birmingham whereas Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study had a small sample of participants but from different nationalities . However, both studies failed to consider demographic area such as different ethnicities and different locations that could have provided a more in-depth representation of British Muslims perception. The one of the recommendations from the study that stood out and was missed in the first study was the suggestion of working closely with religious leaders such as imams, it felt in both studies religious influence was a huge factor yet both studies failed to get the perception of imams on mental health. It was also relevant to my research as this project highlighted the mental health stigma issues that are current in the Pakistani Muslim community in Britain however, I felt that no emphasis was given on perception of counselling and I feel this was a gap in the research. Another similar study to Rethink (2007) was a study conducted by Shoaib and Peel (2006) which looks at Kashmiri womens perception of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. This like Rethink (2007) study used both qualitative and quantitative method to analyse data, the sample was of 45 Kashmiri women aged between 18- 45 living in Oldham, from whom 19 were born in the UK. A questionnaire was administrated and data was collected in an interview by a researcher that was also Kashmiri and spoke the same language as the participants, this was one of the strength of the study as this eliminated language barriers. This study explored six areas in 21 questions: understanding of mental illness, issues that cause distress, coping mechanism, awareness of support, expression and description of feeling (Shoaib and Peel, (2006). The reason this article was selected because the 6th area looked at perceptions and understanding of counselling that was relevant to my quest ion. The findings were very similar to the above studies, the study found that women feared of shame (izzat) affecting their family and being stigmatised. It was found that talking to a specialist was an option but fears of confidentiality breaking, lack of cultural awareness from the professional and that it will not improve the situation was a barrier therefore they referred to their faith for healing. This study like the other two provided a good insight to views of mental health stigma but also provided a glimpse into the perceptions of counselling which the other two studies failed to do. There are few limitations, the potential source of bias would be the use of the snowball method in recruiting 35 participants, who were recommended through previous interviewees, and therefore there is a possibility that subjects shared the same traits and character. Another limitation is the research may be flawed by the inexperience of the researcher who at the time of the research worked as a welfare officer. Changes need to be made to the recruitment process in order to get a more representative sample. Two others studies which explored factors influencing attitudes towards seeking help within the mental health services where reviewed. The first study I looked at was by Soorkia et al (2011) which explored Factors influencing attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help among South Asian students in Britain. This study looked at the link attitudes towards psychological help seeking, following cultural values, salience of ethnic identity and cultural mistrust (Soorkia et al, 2011) .this study was relevant because it looked at attitudes towards seeking help and this relates to my question of perception of counseling and mental health stigma. A quantitative approach utilized where 148 participants completed a survey of which 81 were women and 67 men all participants were British. The sample covered Pakistani, Indian, Bangladeshi and 30% were other. Participants were recruited though public spaces directly and sign up sheets were posted in campuses in different locations. Qu estionnaires where given out on paper and participants returned the questionnaire in a sealed envelope to researcher (Soorkia et al, 2011). Priory power analysis, SPSS and ANOVAs was used for statistical analysis, as these were the most affective to see the difference between gender, ethnicity and also to compare similarities (Soorkia et al, 2011). It was found that the ethnic minorities had a negative attitude towards seeking psychological health, and factors such as cultural values and mistrust as this was related to stigma and shame associated mental illnesses. it found that people that were mistrustful of whites held a greater negative attitudes to help seeking. Asian values played a significant part in peoples attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), (Soorkia et al, 2011). The more significant the values were the more it played a negative part in ATSPPH. The study also found that women were more open to getting help than men and this maybe due masculinity being dominant there negatively affecting the way men see health related issues. It seems that this could be explored in more depth to see what the underlying issues are that prevent men in seeking help compared to women. However the limitation to the comparison between genders was that this could not be representative as there was not an equal number between both genders. Sample size was small therefore, it did not represent south Asian students across the country. It feels that even though participants religion was noted that the study failed to explore if religion played a part in help seeking. It seemed like the study could have looked at what the cultural factors were or the Asian values in order to understand the barriers to combat. It seems like this study was s stepping stone to see what the factors where but a qualitative approach will give this study more depth. The second study I looked at was very similar to the first study and it was by Hamid, Furnham (2013) which looked Factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional help for mental illness: a UK Arab perspective. This research like the above was also quantitative where online questionnaires were used; the sample size was 204 participants from which 104 were British Caucasians and 100 Arab. This study looked at various factors affecting attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH). Some of the hypothesis was that Arabs compared to Caucasians will be less positive to ATSPPH and arabs sample will have higher score in supernatural causes, shame focused attitudes will be significant predictors of ATSPPH , females more positive than males in ATSPPH and Muslims will have less positive than other religion (Hamid, , Furnham 2013). To analyze the data a discriminative analysis was utilized with ethnicity being the dependant variable between British Caucasian and Arabs, using discriminative analysis was a benefit as it reduced mistake rates (Falkenberg, 2005). To examine differences between British Caucasians and Arabs same as the previous study ANOVA was used( Hamid, , Furnham 2013). The study found that Arabs were less positive to ATSPPH than British Caucasian as the study predict ed , it was also found that age, level of education and experience of metal played a positive role to ATSPPH (Hamid, Furnham 2013) . It also found that Arabs had strongest supernatural casual beliefs about mental illness than British Caucasians. Unlike the above study this research found that gender was not a significant predictor, however it was similar to the other study in the sense that there was also not an equal number of males and females as in this study 69% were females. Shame was not seen as a significant predictor to ATSPPH that is opposite to the finding in the above studies. This maybe connected to the fact that Arab participants had migrated to uk and therefore far from family so they did not have to protect their honour or family (Hamid, Furnham 2013). One of the limitations to this study was that the questionnaire was done in English and therefore only targeted an audie nce where participants had some form of education, therefore it does not represent the Arab community who do not speak or understand English making it bias and limiting its response rate. I then looked at a quantitative study by Pilkington et al (2010) which explore factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of south Asian origin. Second study by Ali et al (2005) looking at the Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Both studies used self-report questionnaires. The study by Pilkington et al (2010) Hypothesised that the level of shame/izzat related with mental health would predict the intention to access psychological services, the barrier was already identified compared to the above studies. This study was relevant because it looked at British Muslims, which relates to my area of proposed research and explored mental health and barriers that related to stigma. The Identified factors that may affect intention to access psychological services were; religious beliefs, biological /social environment beliefs about mental health problems, the causes and shame/izzat. Another large sample of 94 participants recruited through seven Islamic communities centres. A self-report questionnaire was developed using measures that were already tested making this a strength as it was easy to correlate the findings and therefore strong statistic were produced. Psychological openness and help seeking prosperity was measured using Inventory of attitudes towards s eeking mental health services (IASMHS: Mackenzie et al 2004). Shame/izzat on intention influencing the access of psychological services was measured using the Attitudes Toward Mental Health Scale (ATMHP; Gilbert et al 2007). The study found that the higher level of shame/izzat experienced the less likely psychological service was accessed. The study like the other studies above found views were influenced by religious beliefs, mental illness was a punishment from god, shame to the individual and the family and less knowledge about mental illness because of lack of education(Pilkington et al, 2010). The limitation to this study was that there might have been a bias to the recruitment process, as the questionnaires designed was for people of higher education level therefore resulting in a low response (Pilkington et al 2010). Another limitation was that participants were recruited through Islamic communitys centres, therefore they may have been more religiously inclined then others who are Muslims but not as religious, this limits the experiences and results. I feel this was gap to where the level of religious commitment could have been measured to get effective results. I then looked at two studies that focused on the role of imams in regards to mental health. The first study by Ali et al (2005) explores what the role of imams and Islamic clergy is in meeting counselling needs, the reason I chose this was because I found that all the studies that I have reviewed failed to consider the views of Islamic clergy on mental health and counselling and how they support the Muslim community. A questionnaire was mailed to 730 mosques around USA however; the response rate was low as only 8% responses received. Data was analysis measured by Likert scale, demographic areas were considered such as ethinicty, age and region, and consent was gained. This study found that imams played a key role in supporting the Muslim community with mental health issues relating to stress, discrimination, anxiety and financial problems. It also found that imam has had little or none training in counselling to help people who came to them for mental health problems. The limitation to this study like the above study is that the questionnaire was in English and not all participants or imams are literate in English, therefore weakening the study. I found the recommendation from the researchers is valid that a further research is needed to explore the role of imams in assisting with mental health issues. The second study by Abu-Ras et al (2008) explored The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community. the reason this study was chosen because this provided an insight to not only the imams role but also what the worshippers attitude towards mental health services before 9/11 and after 9/11 (Abu-Ras et al 2008). A survey of 22 imams and 102 worshippers from 22 mosques in New York city was conducted, researchers chose a face-to-face interview method with mostly close ended questions. The questionnaire for the imams explored what type of issues worshippers came with for guidance, and what method were used to assist worshippers resolve their issues. The questionnaires for worshipers looked at the role of the imam perceived by worshippers, types of counselling sought at mosque, if the imam was effectively addressing their issues. It also asked the affects of 9/11 to their personal lives and finally worshippers perception on attitudes towards western psychology, mental health and if they have any experience with the mental care system (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). For analysis, Univariate and bivariate analyses were used for descriptive statistics for both imams and worshippers. The t test and chi-square tests were applied to discover any large differences between gender, age, time in education, income, immigration status, marital status, and language skills (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The study found that imams are usually the primary and sometimes the only contact for help with mental health issues. It was also found that the imams were foreign born and English was not their first language and they struggled with their English and No training was provided and they had little knowledge on mental health issues, which then prevented them from referring worshippers to mental health services (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). This was very similar to the finding of the above study were the imams had the same issues of language barrier and little or no knowledge on mental health. The study also found that 9/11 had a negative affect on worshippers lives this included their self as well their families. It also found that 84% of worshippers believed that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil and 95% believed that this was test from their faith (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The limitation to this study was that data was only limited to New York so it did not represent other Muslims in the USA, same as the above study the questionnaire was conducted in English, and imams had difficulty with English so it brings up the issues of reliability . The benefit of this study was that it found that imams do play a vital role within the Muslim community in New York especially when it came to personal and mental health issues and that they were also welcomed support and training in regards to mental health. The researchers recommendation was very prompt that the mental health services need to do more to integrate within the Muslim community especially by providing support and training to imams because this research has shown that imams play a huge role in providing support. Conclusion It was found from the literature review that mental health stigma is very much alive in the Muslim community, in the form of misconceptions around the causes of mental illness, fear of being labelled and stigmatised, religious and cultural views influencing views on mental health e.g. punishment from god for committing a sin. The majority of the Muslim community would rather keep mental illness quite because of the fear shame, some seen mental illness caused by drug abuse or caused by witchcraft. In relation to my proposed question I found that there were number of gaps that were found that I could use in my research firstly their was a common theme of religion being a major factor in influencing views on mental health. However not one paper focused on measuring religiosity and its impacts on individuals perception, they focused more on ethnic backgrounds such as south Asian origins which is not religion. Findings showed Muslim community turned to religious leaders for support, yet no papers in the UK explored the role of Islamic clergy on mental health and their views on counselling. I feel this could provide a clear picture around what support is available and how much experience the imams have in supporting the Muslim community. I found that Papers do not specifically address the issue of counselling, I felt that this could have been explored in more depth also one of the recommendations was to look at participants that have accessed counselling and explore their perception on stigma and therapy which I found useful for my research. I feel that for the question I have proposed qualitative methodology would be more appropriate as it provides rich data and allows participants to expand on their responses. I also found that demographic factors need to be taken into consideration, such as age, gender and location, and to look at factor such as sample size and recruitment process. Word count: 2745 References Ali, O. M., Milstein, G., Marzuk, P. (2005). The Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Psychiatric Services, (2), 202-205. Burstow, P. (2011). Â £20 million to knock down mental health stigma, retrived from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/20-million-to-knock-down-mental-health-stigma Census, (2011) retrieved 19 January, 2015, from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html Mental health foundation, (2015), retrieved 19 january, 2015, from http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-statistics/ Pilkington, A.,Msetfi,R,.M,.Watson,R. (2012). Factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of South Asian origin. Mental Health, Religion Culture, (1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2010.545947 Rethink (2007), Our voice: The Pakistani communitys view of mental health and mental health services in Birmingham. London: Islamic Human Rights Commission. ) Retrieved 29 December, 2014 from: http://www.rethink.org/media/853081/our%20voice.pdf Shoaib, K.,Peel, J. (2003). Kashmiri womens perceptions of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, (2), 87-94. DOI: 10.1080/14733140312331384442 Weatherhead, S., Daiches, A. (2010). Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, (1), 75-89. http://people.eku.edu/falkenbergs/psy862/notes%20on%20discriminant%20analysis.html 2005 Steve Falkenberg Abu-Ras, Wahiba, Gheith, Ali and Cournos, Francine(2008)The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community,Journal of Muslim Mental Health,3:2,155 176 Appendix 1 The next key term was mental health using two sub group using OR was Mental illness and mental health services, this generated 525,281 results. Another key term was stigma and the sub groups using OR was attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices and shame. The next key term I felt was important to my research was Muslims I tried this on its own but then realised that there can be other terms used in researches referring to Muslims and I used three sub groups which were Islam, ethnic minority, south Asian and this generated 89,716 results. Another key term was perception and I used three key terms view, understanding and intention and this generated 2,456,725 results which was huge but I felt that this was necessary as this bought my question together. my last key term that I used was Britain and I used two sub groups British and UK, this was to focus on the researched done on the British population as I felt it related to my question more. Appendix 2 Examples of articles found

Essay on Corruption of the Family and Society in Kafkas Metamorphosis

Corruption of the Family and Society Exposed in Metamorphosis Franz Kafka's existentialistic perspective on the meaning of life (or rather, the lack thereof), is clearly portrayed through Gregor Samsa in Metamorphosis. Kafka's belief that there is no meaning to life nor any reason to hold an optimistic outlook towards life, is a dominant force in the story. The author is able to create conflict by portraying Gregor as being the complete opposite of his own personal beliefs: Kafka's almost paradoxical belief that, though there is no meaning to life, the individual can create one for himself, is entirely missed by Gregor. Kafka's weighty emphasis on individualism and the corruption that society and the familial infrastructure represent is demonstrated through Gregor's interactions with the members of his own family and those of society. This leads to the development of Gregor Samsa as more than a sympathetic character, and makes Metamorphosis a novella of fantastical, fable-like proportions, complete with a moral and a superficially happy ending. Kafka's Metamorphosis was written in 1912, in the midst of a German cultural, social, and economic metamorphosis. Industrialization had reached Germany, and changed the mindset of the people. The increasing number of factorial jobs available, the numbing shifts and schedules, . . . - all this came with industrialization, and it was to this that Kafka was writing in protest. Through Gregor, Kafka demonstrates the dehumanization that industrialization was bringing to Germany, to the extent that there was little to no difference between humans and animals. By turning Gregor's physical being into an unnamed and abhorrent bug, Kafka emphasizes the similarities between th... ... followed by a period of "vacant and peaceful meditation" (Kafka, 127), in which he reflects with new insight his past life, and, while in the process of making tentative plans for the future, dies a peaceful death. Gregor's death, followed so closely by his dawning comprehension of individuality, closes the story to a full and complete circle, which began with his physical transformation into a bug and ended with his humanization. Kafka uses Gregor Samsa as almost a fable-istic character, as if to warn his reader "Don't be like Gregor! Follow your own paths or die a death like a dung bug!" Kafka's emphasis on individualism and how the corruption that society and familial infrastructure affects a human being develops this story into one with moralistic consequences for the reader, persuading him to review his own priorities and to reset them accordingly.

Philipino Tale: Juan Wearing a Monkey’s Skin Essay

This Filipino story was recorded in English based on a Kapampangan (Pampango, from the province of Pampanga) version in the early 20th century. There is also a Bicolano (Bikulano, from Bicol) version of this story. Once upon a time there was a couple which was at first childless. The father was very anxiousto have a son to inherit his property: so he went to the church daily, and prayed God to give hima child, but in vain. One day, in his great disappointment, the man exclaimed without thinking, â€Å"O great God! let me have a son, even if it is in the form of a monkey!† and only a few days later his wife gave birth to a monkey. The father was so much mortified that he wanted to kill his son;but finally his better reas on prevailed, and he spared the child. He said to himself, â€Å"It is my fault,I know; but I uttered that invocation without thinking.† So, instead of putting the monkey to death, the couple just hid it from visitors; and whenever any one asked for the child, they merely answered, â€Å"Oh, he died long ago.† The time came when the monkey grew to be old enough to marry. He went to his father, and said, â€Å"Give me your blessing, father, for I am going away to look for a wife.† The father was only too glad to be freed from this obnoxious son, so he immediately gave him his blessing. Before letting him go, however, the father said to the monkey, â€Å"You must never come back again to our house.† â€Å"Very well, I will not,† said the monkey. The monkey then left his father’s house, and went to find his fortune. One night he dreamed thatthere was a castle in the midst of the sea, and that in this castle dwelt a princess of unspeakable beauty. The princess had been put there so that no one might discover her existence. The monkey, who had been baptized two days after his birth and was named Juan,immediately repaired to the palace of the king. There he posted a letter which read as follows: â€Å"I, Juan, know that your  Majesty has a daughter.† Naturally the king was very angry to have his secret discovered. He immediately sent soldiers to look for Juan. Juan was soon found, and brought to the palace. The king said to him, â€Å"How do you know that I have a daughter? If you can bring her here, I will give her to you for a wife. If not, howeve r, your head shall be cut off from your body.† â€Å"O your Majesty!† said Juan, â€Å"I am sure that I can find her and bring her here. I am willing to losemy head if within three days I fail to fulfil my promise.† After he had said this, Juan withdrew, and sadly went out to look for the hidden princess. As he was walking along the road, he heard the cry of a bird. He looked up, and saw a bird caught between two boughs so that it could not escape. The bird said to him, â€Å"O monkey, if you will but release me, I will  give you all I have.†

one chid fight Essay

one chid fight Essay one chid fight Essay The Golden Girls One of my favorite memories growing up was watching â€Å"The Golden Girls â€Å"with my grandmother every Saturday night eating popcorn. The show is about four middle age women from different walks of life with seemingly nothing in common. These strangers couldn’t be more dissimilar. No one could imagine how these four souls would successfully live under one roof, but they decide to give it a try as they are all in pinch for somewhere to stay. The truth is all pandemonium broke loose and it was clear that they were just too different to share one house together. But one thing led to another and soon enough they were sitting around the table laughing, gossiping and sharing cheesecake. These four women eventually became the best of friends, despites all their differences. With their colorful characters, witty language and overall messages, The Golden Girls were known all over the world. Many viewers are familiar with the shows four main characters. Dorothy is a tall, head strong, witty high school substitute teacher. Her persona comes off as her intelligence makes her superior to the other women in the house because they do not have as much papered education as she. Rose, is the exact opposite of Dorothy. Rose is the carefree blonde from a small farm town named St. Olaf, with not much education but a heart of gold. Rose, to put it bluntly, wasn’t exactly the â€Å"sharpest tool in the shed†. Always telling goofy stories about where she grew up, most of the time the women become annoyed with her and treat her poorly. Blanche the sex- starved, conceited, arrogant, self-absorbed Golden Girl. She clearly had the most male admires and stories detailing her various sexual encounters. Viewers could tell by the way the women were always teasing her about which man she brought home and the â€Å"welcome mat at the end of her bed†. Last by certainly not least we have Sofia a widow from Sicily who stayed in a Shady Pines Retirement home unit it burned down. Even though Sophia could be cruel at times she had certain way of making others look at difficult situations in a loving yet humorous, comical way. The other woman looked up to her as a mother because of her age and wisdom. Each of the characters in the show has to face major problems such as homosexuality, adultery, harassment some of the same issues we deal with in today’s society. But just like society they use their high moral values toward each problem they face to overcome their differences. The language of the show also appeals to the viewers. Today as I watch the episodes the jokes that once went over my head now have taken on new meaning. When I was younger I didn’t realize how many controversial the show covered. The humor revolves around the sexual interests of older women. It’s filled with sexual innuendo and comical descriptions of sexual acts that will most likely go over the head of younger viewers, but parents may still want to exercise caution. Parents should also know that the show offers a positive look at women and senior citizens and raises awareness about the issues that seniors face in today’s society. The show also looks at many aspects of aging, which range from the comical (sagging chests, drooping bottoms) to the serious (rising health care costs) to the tragic (the rising incidence of homelessness among the populace). But The Golden

The UK Banking Practice that led to financial crisis

The UK Banking Practice that led to financial crisis Introduction The issue of the global crisis is of great importance to business management and aspects of finance in any country. Crisis of the magnitude that was experienced is a real threat to the economy of any country and it is imperative for people to learn as much as they can to avoid the circumstance that lead to the crisis.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The UK Banking Practice that led to financial crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In The UK the financial crisis was less hard hitting than it was in the USA. The crisis is attributed to the mortgage business and chiefly to the lending services of banks. The culprit was banking practices that were not adequately regulated and not well adapted to changes. As a result, when the problems started arising it was too late to make any real changes. The government has tried its best to cushion the economy and has been successful in getting things back to normal little by little. It is only when the banking problems that led to the crisis are understood that measures against such a future problem can be anticipated and prevented. In the UK the crisis affected businesses as well as individuals. With a sluggish economy many consumers felt the pinch in spending and as a result, the economy suffered even more as spending became limited. Organizational context The research will be carried out in the organizational context of policies that govern the banking industry. This will reveal more directly the role that banks play and examine whether the policies facilitated in creation of the crisis. When the crisis was a phenomenon of banks in general it follows that there are certain characteristics of their practices that lent themselves to the crisis. Literature review According to Demirguc-Kunt and Detragiache (2002), one of the most important factors in banking is deposit insurance. Deposit insurance provides security in financial circles and enable economic crisis to e handled in ways that are not debilitating to the country. Demirguc-Kunt and Detragiache (2002), examined evidence taken from sixty-one banks between 1980 and 1997. Demirguc-Kunt and Detragiache (2002), found that for bank stability deposit insurance is necessary. These insurances are especially helpful in circumstances where there exists little regulation of interest rates. Additionally if the institutional environment is not strong, the insurance serves to create stability.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of UK crisis, the banking practices did not require explicit insurance that was relational to the risk taken. As a result the risks far outweighed the insurance. Even with the insurance compensation, the banks fell short of the amounts they needed to recoup. Goodhart (2008) offers the basic reasons why the cris is happened. What was reported in the USA had similarities with what was going on in the UK. Goodhart (2008) states the main reasons behind the crisis was mortgage backed securities, seemingly surpluses in global savings and macrostability (Goodhart 2008). As a result the market was overconfident and investments were not carefully construed. The UK drive to the crisis was the credit crunch. The credit crunch however was itself a direct result of the defaults in mortgage repayment and falling prices for the houses (Goodhart 2008). In addition, investor confidence was shaken and many tried to make withdrawals form banks and even long term securities. According to LaBrosse (2008), one of the reasons that the UK authorities decide to review the financial safety net was because of the crisis witness in the Nothern Rck Plc. The crisis revealed major failings in provision of adequate financial safety in cases of need. According to LaBrosse, the UK authorities responded by issuing recommend ations for the protection of depositors and in addition they suggested some reforms to the banking practices. According to LaBrosse (2008), one of the reasons for the crisis was due to no mandated regulators to minimize risk. This led to banks taking aggressive risks which did put the depositors’ accounts into risk. These choices were made without the appreciation of the long-term consequences of such risks. The taxpayers have also been furnished with little awareness and as a result they wee not able to make financially sound decisions. One of the consequences was that as soon as many realized the financial difficulties of financial institutions, they went ahead to withdraw their money from banks and other institutions. As a result, financial institutions were pushed towards bankrupts. In order to deal with the problem, one of the recommendations by UK authorities is for the use of a financial agency that is independent and which will work to minimize risk (Lacrosse 2008). T he FSCS can then liaise with parliament to come up with effective means of protecting depositors and tax payers. Public awareness would also be increased to avoid panic among depositors and increase sound judgment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The UK Banking Practice that led to financial crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mcllroy (2008), also found that the reason for the crisis was the lack of sufficient trigger mechanisms in the financial sector. Had the triggers been in palace, the safety systems would have been able to respond in a timely manner and avoid further threats to the economy. According to Mcllroy (2008), to fully ensure financial stability the system lacked sufficient credible approach. Such an approach is important in order to regulate standards, supervision and management of smaller institutions so that they do not affect the entire system. However failure to have these support in pace aggravated the financial problems and instigated the crisis. Additionally Mcllroy (2008), states that due to the taxation procedures institutions that were taking excessive risks did not pay more taxes for their insurance. Had they paid more there would have been an easier way to recover losses for banks. Crick (1927) discussed the various ways in which banks manage their reserves. As they get investment, banks also lend money out. However they retain a certain amount so that their clients can also make withdrawals. It is the balance between the money lent and the money available for withdrawal that banks need to balance to ensure smooth running of their institutions. This is what is known as fractional reserve banking. This was one of the critical mistakes that banks in the UK made. They took too much risk and minimized their reserve. This in turn affected the mortgage sector. It is this practice that led to seeming surplus of cash in the world and the subsequent crisis. Shin (2009) explains the cause of the financial crisis to have had its origins in the Rock’s Bank depositor run. This had a negative effect on other banks with investor confidence shaken. The main cause of the Rock Bank problem was as a result of dependency on short term investment it took with investment institutions Lastra (2008) agrees with the effect that Bock bank had and the subsequent response of investor. According to Lastra (2008), bank regulations played a big part in the progression of the crisis. If there had been sufficient measures to aid the banks which were undergoing distress the crisis might not have progressed at the rate or extent that it did. According to Bicksler (2008), two factors have been proposed as the causes of the crisis and in particular the sub prime mortgage problems. One of this of the reasons has been given as inappropriate incentives that were geared towards securitization. The second reason given has been that there was mismanagement of informa tion whereby financial institutions, investment securitizes and investors did not have adequate information to sufficiently balance the flow of money in the mortgage sector.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Haubrich and Thomson (2008) state that due to the collective role that banks play in the financial industry it is by umbrella regulation that crisis can be effectively evaded. Accordingly having the government as part of the regulating team is beneficial so that there is more cohesion in regulatory measures. According to Bicksler (2008), a study into the issue has given evidence that indeed the securitization caused significant risks to be taken when determining the mortgages to approve. As a result greater risks were taken. In due course because of lack of sufficient management of risk there were more cases of default. Bicksler cites studies conducted that indicated that mortgages were given to increasingly less income applicants and with the loans came higher cases of default than would have occurred of the approval had not been lowered. In addition Bicksler states that loan borrowers were often not aware of the transactional cost and interest rates and as a result, they made deci sions that were too taxing increasing default rates. Bicksler (2008) examined studies that have been done regarding homeowners and found that indeed many of them were not sufficiently informed about the taxes, fees and interests that their purchases would accrue. According to Bicksler (2008), economics attribute much of the financial crisis in the mortgage sector to the homebuyers’ financial illiteracy. Another important contribution to banking practices and the crisis is what Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008) regarded as relationship between the political and economic realities with finances. According to Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008), there exists a strong relationship between the financial institutions and politics. As a result, banking financial institutions can be influenced by the politics of the land and negatively affect their activities or practices. Additionally, the UK insurance which is mostly managed by government is not as effective as those run by private sector. T his is because negative impact in the deposits is higher government run schemes. One of the points that Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008) make is that housing finance which is mostly conducted by banks has ballot box implications. As a result politicians are not always quick to respond to the situation and downplay the extent of the crisis for political reasons. The crisis was an indicator of problems that the UK authorities would want to deal with before losing public confidence. The public reaction is also tied in with preference for interest taxes, taxation and spending. The banking system which ought to be more accountable relied on the government to cushion their losses. However, it is important for banks to have independent overseers who can be expected to be neutral and respond to financial issues with the investors’ interest. Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008) argue that in an economy where there are housing ownership inequalities, many people take advantage of additional mean to get loans so that they can escape taxes or defer their loan payments. This presented problems to banking systems which require the repayments for their running. As Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008) found out some of the people who acquired new mortgage loans were purchasing second homes or refinancing. There was therefore a financial burden placed on banks leading to the financial crisis. Honohan and Klingebiel (2003) support Schwartz and Seabrooke (2008) in stating that banking lending and repayment is a delicate procedure. Honohan and Klingebiel (2003) states that all economies that face crisis find that they need to drastically reform their banking system. This underscores the importance of banking systems to the stability of a country’s financial stability. In the face of a crisis like the one in UK, banking practices did not rise up to the occasion as they required accommodating policies. These policies are inclusive of limited recapitalization, government bail out, open -ended liquidity support and blanket deposit guarantees. These measures spread over to several banks led to fiscal cut backs. As government spending was limited the effect was further passed to tax payers leading to aggravation of the financial crisis. The Office for National Statistics (2010) has released correction notice that is mean to serve as an indicator of measures that will be used in future to generate intervention to prevent crisis. This is because the government realized that early intervention is critical to containing the effects of financial instabilities. The bank sector for example is one in which information to users can greatly enhance their knowledge of changing economic situations. This can help people to make better decisions and be aware of the trends. Sample The sample will consist of several banks in different towns and of different sizes. The sample will be selected randomly to ensure that different types of banks are represented. The sample will consist of Mortgage loans data from banks and lending repayment. In addition it will include the policies regarding mortgage loans. Methods The method to be used will be data from banks and economic statistics. The survey will examine banks policies in issuing mortgage loans, interest rates and rates of defaulting. Constrains, limitation and ethical issues One of the constrains of the research is that it cannot cover all the areas that would be poignant to the study. Financial situations are affected by more than just one factor. As a result, interdependent factors should be examined to ascertain the proper conclusions are reached. A limitation for the study will be finances. In order to undertake a good research the research would require a lot of finances to study as many banks as possible. In addition, a study of government and its financial policies would enrich the study and make it comprehensive. Limitation of time will also be experienced. With a limited time frame the study can not be as broad as it could be. The sample will have to be representative of other banks. One of the ethical issues will be confidentiality. Since the financial transactions of bank customers are supposed to be confidential and private, the study will need to come up with a way of ensuring that personal information is excluded from the study. Personal or identifying data will be exempted form the study. Another ethical issue will be maintaining confidentiality of bank information. Banks also have information that they like to keep private. The study will ensure that all confidential materials are kept confidential. The research will provide confidential agreements so that those they deal with can be assured of their privacy and confidentiality. References Bicksler, J., (2008) The sub prime mortgage debacle and its and its linkages to corporate governance. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 5 (4), pp. 295-300. Crick, W. F., (1927) The genesis of bank deposits. Economica, 7 (20), pp.191–202. Demirguc-kunt, A. and Detragiache, S., (20020 Does deposit insurance increase banking system stability? An empirical investigation. Journal of Monetary Economics, 47 (7), pp 1373-1406 Goodhart, C. A., (2008) The background to the 2007 financial crisis. International  Economics and Economic Policy, 4(4), pp. 331-346. Haubrich, J. G. and Thomson, J. B., (2008) Umbrella supervision and the role of the central bank. Journal of Banking Regulation, 10 (1), pp. 17-27. Honohan, P. and Klingebiel, D., (2003) The fiscal cost implications of an accommodating approach to banking crises. Journal of Banking and Finance, 27 (8), pp 1539–1560. LaBrosse, J. R., (2008) Time to fix the plumbing: Improving the UK framework following the collapse f Northern Rock. Journal of Banking Regulation, 9 (4), pp 293-301. Lastra, R. M., (2008) Nort Rock UK Bank insolvency and cross-border bank insolvency.  Journal of Banking Regulation, 9 (3), pp.165–186. Mcllroy, D. H. , (2008) Regulating risk: a risk measured response to the banking crisis.  Journal of Banking Regulation, 9 (4), pp. 284-292. Office for National Statistics., (2010) Financial crisis and recession: How ONS has addressed the statistical and analytical challenges. Economic and Labor Market Review, 4 (1), pp. 30-35. 10. Schwartz, H. and  Seabrooke, L., (2008) varieties of residential capitalism in the international political economy: old welfare states and the new politics of housing. Comparative European Politics, 6 (3), pp. 237–261. Shin, H. S.,(2009) Reflections on Northern Rock: the bank run that heralded the global financial crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23 (1), pp. 101–119.

Two different Neighborhoods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two different Neighborhoods - Essay Example Air Pollution is the existence of chemicals, bio hazard gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, etc) and other gaseous matter within the earth’s atmosphere. These major cause of air pollution is the emission of chemical, gases, etc into the earth’s atmosphere through various ways e.g. factories emitting dangerous gases into the air, carbon dioxide emission from the motor vehicles which are run on fossil fuel, etc. The emission of gases from motor vehicles releases certain small particles which affect the vascular system of human beings and increases the potential of cardiac diseases amongst them. . A study conducted by Dr. Robert Brook and his colleagues at the University of Michigan highlighted this aspect that the traffic smoke was very dangerous for the cardiovascular system. He analyzed that after the inhalation of these particles, a certain increase in the blood pressure was witnessed, which as a result increased the heart beat those individuals. It has been re ported that tens of thousands of people lose their lives annually owing to air pollution. Air pollution is also judged to be one of the major reasons for Asthma. Recent years have shown a great pattern in which steps are taken to curb the effects of air pollution. Efforts are taken so that those products are used which are environmental friendly e.g.

Art & beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art & beauty - Essay Example By 1920s people started to take sunbath for leisure and a healthy and beautiful look. Beauty is an idea which changes with the matter of time. Historically, people had a standard that well-fed bodies are beautiful and with the changing time slim bodies have become a sign of beauty. It is a common saying in this world that beauty hails from art. Sensible art and media is the creation of selections arranged by an artist or media maker. Whereas these metaphors can provide us a fine idea of what people consider or think is beautiful, the metaphors do not essentially provide us a good plan of what people actually seem to be like. For instance, newspapers and television nowadays do not truly symbolize a precise sample of people in the actual world. In the olden times art was predicted as a base of beauty; quite a few even avowed that natural beauty is subsidiary to artistic beauty. Plato, conversely, divided art and beauty into two self-determining thoughts: genuine beauty reflects reality , whereas art is a misleading simulation of nature. Aristotle, by difference, held that good art is beautiful and that, consequently, the two are indivisible: a great work of art is an attractive work. The Aristotelian aesthetic belief succeeded for centuries, but it was the eighteenth century that provided growth to the concept that forming beauty is the necessary point of art (Freeland, pg 31-40). Kant holds that great art is beautiful, though it fluctuates appreciably from natural beauty: a good work of art is a beautiful image. An image can be beautiful even if its topic is not beautiful (Freeland, pg 10-15) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) squabbles that beauty is the necessary trait of art, and natural beauty is a likeness of artistic beauty (Harold, 1972). In this view, beauty reflects deliberate creation, not minor results of sightless, natural forces. Aesthetic refers to someone's personal idea of what is beautiful. It can also be said as an individuals own taste and judgment of things. It is the theoretical idea of what beauty really is. Similarly in the case of arts one also uses his own personal idea to judge how beautiful one piece of art is. There has been a debate since the beginning of this world on the subject of aesthetics. Kant famously related aesthetics with the subject of arts. In his view a good view about aesthetics depends upon the originality and the beauty of the art works. While on the other hand David Hume gave his own perception about Aesthetics (Freeland pg 8-10). It stated that the view about the artworks depends upon an individuals own taste and culture. Aesthetics is directly related to arts when it comes to the appreciation of a work. Aesthetics may help one to realize the beauty of a piece of art. Q. What is art Why we value art so much. Freeland supports the "cognitive" concept of art--which, in her observation, holds that art is parallel to language as it "communicates complex thoughts." This is a doubtful suggestion, because it entails that art first and foremost occupies a straight transfer of information or awareness. At any rate, it is primarily fiction and drama between the arts that can pass on "complex thoughts," however infrequently as unambiguously as expository prose (Freeland, pg 148-155). The expression concept, according to Freeland, holds that art talks "something in the realm of feelings and emotions"--a vision she discovers too restraining. Art, she indicates,

Court Report Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Report - Personal Statement Example Excessive formality involving security checks etc makes the proceedings look serious, but this is a necessary security precaution. The silence is important too as everybody needs to hear all proceedings clearly. Modern techniques of using multimedia display screens and air conditioning makes the proceedings easier for the judge(s), jury and others. Waites observes that flat-panel monitors are more conducive to the courtroom environment. They allow the judge and attorneys to review information together before displaying it to the jury (Waites, 384). Such systems have the option of delaying display on the large screen through 'delay switches'. This allows the judge to review information before presenting it to the jury. Moreover enhanced video and sound playback devices such as the ELMO, as acknowledged in the Litigant's report, improves the quality of information processing inside the courtroom (Webb). The courtroom looked well secured. All entrants are thoroughly examined through security devices such as metal detectors. The judge's bench is elevated about three steps above the floor, so that his/ her vision covers the whole courtroom, and he/she is equipped with security alarm as well. The hallways and the courtroom comes under surveillance of security cameras, moreover a docket box may be used to control for large number of arrestees, who wait there with the defendants before appearing in front of the judge in the courtroom. On a whole the courtroom looked well secured from any miscreant activity. Court Personnel Barristers: Barristers are specialist legal advisers found in many common law jurisdictions that employ a split profession in legal representation. They are court room advocates trained to advise clients on the strengths and weaknesses of their case. Barristers become involved in a case when advocacy before the court is required by the client. It is the solicitor who is in a direct relation with the client. As put in the UK bar council website a barrister could be compared to a specialist in medicine, who is consulted by a client's personal doctor when the case is complex and beyond the personal doctor's knowledge. Here the personal doctor or a general practitioner is taken to be the solicitor (What Barristers Do). The comparison is not entirely accurate though. There is no difference in the level of complexity in the practice of law by the different branches of the profession, though barristers tend to be instructed in complex litigation and in certain other specialist fields. Stenographer: He or she is an individual who records court proceedings either in shorthand or through the use of a paper-punching device. A court stenographer is an officer of the court whose appointment is largely governed by statute. She is an official under the control of the court and is, therefore, generally subject to its direction. The stenographer has the duty to attend court throughout the trial and record all proceedings. She must take notes of what occurs before the court and these notes must certify that all the evidence, and charges levied against the defendant were fully and accurately taken at the trial and that the transcript represents an accurate translation of the notes. In addition to preparing and protecting the legal record, the Bureau of Labor Statistics website informs that many stenos